Declension Types of Russian Nouns (Склонение существительных)
Russian nouns fall into three main declension types, plus additional irregular groups. Knowing these helps predict case endings.
1. First Declension (1-е склонение) – Mostly Feminine & Some Masculine
Nouns ending in:
- -а / -я (feminine & some masculine animate nouns)
Case Endings (Example: "мама" – mom)
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Nom. |
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Gen. |
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Dat. |
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Acc. |
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Instr. |
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Prep. |
Exceptions:
- Папа (dad), дядя (uncle), мужчина (man) → masculine but decline like 1st declension.
2. Second Declension (2-есклонение) – Masculine & Neuter
Nouns ending in:
- Consonant / -й / -ь (masculine)
- -о / -е (neuter)
Case Endings
A. Masculine (Example: "стол" – table)
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Nom. |
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Gen. |
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Dat. |
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Acc. |
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Instr. |
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Prep. |
B. Neuter (Example: "окно" – window)
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Nom. |
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Gen. |
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Dat. |
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Acc. |
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Instr. |
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Prep. |
Exceptions:
- Путь (path) → mixed declension (3rd in some cases).
- Кофе (coffee) → masculine despite ending in -е.
3. Third Declension (3-есклонение) – Feminine Nouns Ending in -ь
Nouns ending in:
- -ь (feminine, e.g., "ночь" – night, "дверь" – door)
Case Endings (Example: "ночь")
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Nom. |
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Gen. |
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Dat. |
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Acc. |
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Instr. |
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Prep. |
Exceptions:
- Мужчина (man) → masculine but declines like 1st declension.
4. Irregular & Mixed Declensions
A. Nouns Ending in -мя (Neuter, e.g., "имя" – name)
Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Nom. |
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Gen. |
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Dat. |
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Acc. |
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Instr. |
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Prep. |
B. Plural-Only Nouns (e.g., "ножницы" – scissors)
- Always plural, decline like 2nd declension plural:
- Ножницы (Nom.) → ножниц (Gen.) → ножницам (Dat.), etc.
C. Indeclinable Nouns (e.g., "пальто" – coat, "метро" – subway)
- Same form in all cases:
- Я вижу метро. (Acc.) → Я в метро. (Prep.)
Key Tips for Foreign Learners
- Check the nominative singular ending to determine declension type.
- For nouns ending in -ь, immediately check PROMT.One for its gender. This tells you if it's 2nd (masc.) or 3rd (fem.) declension.
- Animate vs. inanimate affects the accusative case (animates = genitive form).
- Memorize irregulars (e.g., "ребёнок" → "ребёнка", not "ребёнока").
- Use preposition-case pairs:
- в + Acc. (movement) vs. в + Prep. (location)
- с + Instr. (with) vs. без + Gen. (without)
- Practice with real sentences. Using nouns in context will hepl you understand how cases and declensions work.
Summary Table of Declension Patterns
Declension |
Gender |
Ending (Nom. Sing.) |
Example |
1st |
Feminine, some Masc. |
-а / -я |
|
2nd |
Masculine / Neuter |
Consonant / -о / -е |
|
3rd |
Feminine |
-ь |
|
Irregular |
Mixed |
-мя / plural-only |
PROMT.One Conjugator will help you quickly and accurately find out the type of declension and all cases forms for every Russian noun you need.
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